Why is cell morphology important

Download: PPT. Fig 1. Fig 2. Fig 3. Fig 4. Fig 5. Fluorescence imaging of live cells during neuronal differentiation of PC cells. Fig 6. Fluorescence imaging and flow cytometric analysis of live cells during neutrophilic differentiation of HL cells. Discussion There have been some reports of cytoplasmic fluorescent probes [ 7 — 9 ]. Supporting Information. S1 Fig. S2 Fig. S3 Fig. S4 Fig. Data shown are representative of three independent experiments.

S5 Fig. S6 Fig. Co-staining with Golgi apparatus and ER probes in A cells. S7 Fig. S8 Fig. References 1. Nuclear structure in cancer cells. Nat Rev Cancer. D'Onofrio G.

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Okabe S. Fluorescence imaging of synapse formation and remodeling. Microscopy Oxf. The most flexible high-end AFM on the market sets the benchmark in resolution, speed and stability in particular for fluid applications. NanoWizard systems provide true integration of AFM with optical microscopy by means of our patented DirectOverlay feature for precise and easy work, and comes with a large variety of options and accessories.

Read More. Thus, observing dendritic spine formation and morphology is important to analyze synapse functions including long-term plasticity. This is the first demonstration of visualizing axons and synapses, including dendritic spines, by simply adding a small fluorescent compound.

PC cells were induced to differentiate into nerve cells by NGF. We applied our TAP-4PH visualization method to observe both cytoplasmic and nuclear morphological changes in response to differentiation of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL ATRA treatment of HL cells is known to cause dramatic morphological changes in the nuclear structure from rounded nuclei to segmented or banded nuclei, which are characteristics of neutrophil myelocytes.

The TAP-4PH visualization method clearly determined nuclear structural changes from the rounded nuclei of undifferentiated cells to the segmented or banded nuclei of neutrophil-like cells S3a Fig. In addition, unlike simple nuclear staining, TAP-4PH also visualized the structure and size of the cytoplasm. We also detected the change in cell size from undifferentiated cells to differentiated neutrophil-like cells. Our TAP-4PH staining method is a very simple and efficient detection method for differentiation of cells.

In response to differentiation into neutrophil-like cells, there was a decrease in the size of HL cells. Therefore, TAP-4PH fluorescence from differentiated neutrophil-like cells might be lower than that from undifferentiated cells. After observing differentiation of the cells by TAP-4PH treatment, the compound was removed from the cells that continued to grow without cytotoxicity S4 Fig. After 24 h of incubation, the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry Fig 7.

After addition of TAP-4PH and observing the cells, the probe can be easily removed from the cells that continue to culture for subsequent biological analysis.

Taken together, our rapid and simple visualization method of cytoplasmic and nuclear morphologies by TAP-4PH is a useful method to evaluate cell differentiation processes. There have been some reports of cytoplasmic fluorescent probes [ 7 — 9 ]. However, the visualization efficiency of these probes is not high and cannot clearly visualize the edge of cells.

Therefore, it is probably difficult to observe detailed morphological changes, especially the axons and dendritic spines of neurons. Recently, a specific fluorescent probe to visualize neuronal cells was developed by Er et al. Our probe can visualize both cytoplasmic and nuclear morphological changes in live cells at the same time.

We successfully visualized the formation of axons and dendritic spines of PC cells during neuronal differentiation, as well as nuclear segmentation of live HL cells during neutrophilic differentiation using TAP-4PH. Furthermore, after observing the cells, they could be cultured further to perform other biological assays. The cell number can be limited in biological samples, especially in those collected from patients or animal models.

To further analyze the mechanism of TAP-4PH visualization of cellular morphology, we performed co-staining with a commercial Golgi marker and ER marker.

However, the fluorescence pattern did not completely match with those of the Golgi and ER probes S6 Fig. After entering cells, TAP-4PH showed higher fluorescence in the cytoplasm, including the Golgi and ER, than in the culture medium, probably because the hydrophobicity of the cytoplasm is higher than that of the medium. Lipid droplets are intracellular energy storage organelles consisting of a hydrophobic core of triglycerides and steryl esters.

These results also support that TAP-4PH can visualize cellular morphology because of its fluorescence properties, namely exhibiting higher fluorescence in a hydrophobic environment than in a hydrophilic environment. TAP-4PH fluorescence was not observed in the nucleus, suggesting that TAP-4PH cannot enter the nucleus or the hydrophobicity of the nucleus is lower than that of the cytoplasm.

However, further studies will be required to understand the [mechanism of cytoplasmic and nuclear visualization by TAP-4PH. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that our novel and rapid cellular visualization method by a 1,3a,6a-triazapentalene derivative, TAP-4PH, can monitor cell differentiation processes without toxicity before subsequent biological assay.

The utility of TAP-4PH for visualization of cytoplasmic and nuclear morphologies of live cells was demonstrated in various cell types. Taken together, TAP-4PH provides an easy and powerful tool to observe and monitor live cell differentiation processes.

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. PLoS One. Published online Aug 4. Alexander F. Palazzo, Editor.

Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Conceived and designed the experiments: RK KS. The cells are in synchrony with each other to make the body functional. Hence, a hierarchical system is as follows: cells » tissues » organs. Different tissues of eukaryotes possess different types of cells based on varying morphologies. Within these 3 major types, there are further sub-types.

Like epithelial-like cells can be squamous, columnar, or cuboidal. When a tumor cell grows in your body, it can be easily be distinguished because of the altered morphology- irregular shape, nucleus and nucleoli become bigger than normal, cytoplasm seems depleted, change in color of cytoplasm, detachment from the basal membrane in case of malignant tumors.

These changes are indicative of cancerous growth! This is how advancing Science paves way for precision medicines!!! Source: Wu, New Zealand is known for its unique biodiversity, caused by its remarkable geography and geologic history.

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